• Water balance calculation, leakage reporting, and strategic approaches to losses control;
• Economic optimisation of both distribution leakage and upstream losses (SELL) in the broader context of water resources planning;
• Methodologies for assessing technical components of SELL (such as supply pipe leakage, background leakage, natural rate of rise in leakage) and empirical leakage-cost relationships for a diverse range of leakage management policies (such as smart metering, enhanced leakage detection activities, customer-side leakage reduction, pressure management, and asset renewal);
• Comparative leakage efficiency analyses at individual-, team-, policy-, DMA- and operational area-level, including development of cost-based leakage performance indicators and frontier modelling (stochastic econometric modelling and data envelopment analysis);
• Non-household night use assessment: survey design, econometric modelling and robust solution methods for eliminating bias and reducing uncertainty;
• Customer meter under-registration assessment: survey design, error curve reconstruction, generation of consumption profiles, and development of economically optimal meter replacement strategies;
• Economic valuation of environmental and social costs of leakage and leakage management activities;
• Assessment of non-market benefits for service improvements relating to drinking and bathing water quality, sewage disposal and environmental protection, and application of benefits assessments for business planning, including economic support for stated preference surveys (willingness to pay);
• Cost benefit analysis and economic appraisal, including regional fisheries development, farm management practices for the control of diffuse pollution; farm waste management alternatives, land-use impacts of river restoration and wetland regeneration.

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